I-spectrometer iyithuluzi lesayensi, elisetshenziselwa ukuhlaziya i-spectrum yemisebe kagesi, ingabonisa i-spectrum yama-radiation njenge-spectrograph emele ukusatshalaliswa kokuqina kokukhanya mayelana nobude beza (y-axis ubukhulu, i-axis engu-x ubude begagasi). /imvamisa yokukhanya).Ukukhanya kuhlukile kuhlukaniswe ngamaza amaza engxenye yawo ngaphakathi kwe-spectrometer ngama-beam splitters, ngokuvamile ama-prism a-refractive noma ama-diffraction grating Fig. 1.
Umdwebo 1 I-Spectrum yelambu lokukhanya nokukhanya kwelanga (kwesokunxele), umgomo wokuhlukanisa uhlaka lwegridi neprism (kwesokudla)
Ama-Spectrometer adlala indima ebalulekile ekulinganiseni ububanzi obubanzi bemisebe yokubona, noma ngokuhlola ngokuqondile i-spectrum yokukhishwa komthombo wokukhanya noma ngokuhlaziya ukubonisa, ukumuncwa, ukudluliswa, noma ukuhlakazwa kokukhanya kulandela ukusebenzisana kwayo nento ethile.Ngemva kokuxhumana kokukhanya nodaba, i-spectrum ithola ushintsho ebangeni elithile le-spectral noma ubude begagasi obuthile, futhi izici zento zingahlaziywa ngokwekhwalithi noma ngokomthamo kuye ngokushintsha kwe-spectrum, njengokuhlaziywa kwebhayoloji nekhemikhali. ukwakheka nokugxila kwegazi kanye nezixazululo ezingaziwa, nokuhlaziywa kwe-molecule, ukwakheka kwe-athomu kanye nokwakheka kwezinto eziyisisekelo Fig.
Umdwebo 2 I-spectra yokumuncwa kwe-infrared yezinhlobo ezahlukene zamafutha
Ekuqaleni yasungulwa ukuze kufundwe i-physics, i-astronomy, chemistry, i-spectrometer manje isingelinye lamathuluzi abaluleke kakhulu emikhakheni eminingi efana nobunjiniyela bamakhemikhali, ukuhlaziya impahla, isayensi yezinkanyezi, ukuxilonga kwezokwelapha, kanye ne-bio-sensing.Ngekhulu le-17, u-Isaac Newton wakwazi ukuhlukanisa ukukhanya kube ibhande elinemibala eqhubekayo ngokudlulisa umsebe wokukhanya okumhlophe ngeprism futhi wasebenzisa igama elithi “Spectrum” okokuqala ngqa ukuchaza le miphumela Umfanekiso wesi-3.
Umfanekiso 3 U-Isaac Newton ufunda i-spectrum yokukhanya kwelanga ngeprism.
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, usosayensi waseJalimane uJoseph von Fraunhofer (Franchofer), ehlangene nama-prism, ama-diffraction slits nama-telescopes, wenza i-spectrometer ngokunemba okuphezulu nokunemba, okwasetshenziselwa ukuhlaziya i-spectrum yokukhishwa kwelanga Umdwebo 4. He okokuqala ngqa ukuthi i-spectrum yemibala eyisikhombisa yelanga ayiqhubeki, kodwa inenani lemigqa emnyama (imigqa ehlukene engaphezu kuka-600) kuyo, eyaziwa ngokuthi "umugqa we-Frankenhofer".Uqambe ehluke kakhulu kule migqa engu-A, B, C…H futhi wabala imigqa engama-574 phakathi kuka-B no-H ehambisana nokumuncwa kwezakhi ezihlukene ku-spectrum yelanga Umdwebo 5. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uFraunhofer wayebuye abe yi-solar spectrum. okokuqala ukusebenzisa i-diffraction grating ukuze kutholwe i-spectra yomugqa nokubala ubude begagasi bemigqa ye-spectral.
Umfanekiso 4. I-spectrometer yakuqala, ebhekwa nomuntu
Umdwebo 5 umugqa we-Fraun Whaffe (umugqa omnyama kuribhoni)
Umdwebo 6 I-Solar spectrum, nengxenye ye-concave ehambisana nomugqa we-Fraun Wolfel
Maphakathi nekhulu le-19, izazi zefiziksi zaseJalimane u-Kirchhoff no-Bunsen, zasebenza ndawonye eNyuvesi yase-Heidelberg, kanye nethuluzi lelangabi elisanda kuklanywa lika-Bunsen (i-Bunsen burner) futhi zenza uhlaziyo lokuqala lwe-spectral ngokuphawula imigqa ethile ye-spectral yamakhemikhali ahlukene. (usawoti) afafazwe ku-Bunsen burner fig fig.7. Baqaphela ukuhlolwa kwekhwalithi yezinto ngokubheka i-spectra, futhi ngo-1860 bashicilela ukutholakala kwe-spectra yezakhi eziyisishiyagalombili, futhi banquma ukuba khona kwalezi zakhi kunhlanganisela yemvelo eminingana.Okutholakele kwabo kuholele ekwakhiweni kwegatsha elibalulekile lekhemikhali yokuhlaziya ye-spectroscopy: ukuhlaziya kwe-spectroscopic.
Fig.7 Ukusabela komlilo
Ngama-20s wekhulu lama-20, isazi sefiziksi saseNdiya u-CV Raman wasebenzisa i-spectrometer ukuze athole umphumela wokuhlakazeka kwe-inelastic wokukhanya nama-molecule ezixazululweni zemvelo.Wabona ukuthi ukukhanya kwesigameko kuhlakazeke ngamandla aphakeme naphansi ngemva kokuxhumana nokukhanya, kamuva okubizwa ngokuthi i-Raman ehlakaza umkhiwane 8. Ukushintsha kwamandla okukhanya kubonisa i-microstructure yama-molecule, ngakho-ke i-spectroscopy ehlakaza i-Raman isetshenziswa kakhulu ezintweni zokwakha, imithi, amakhemikhali. kanye nezinye izimboni ukuhlonza nokuhlaziya uhlobo lwamangqamuzana nokwakheka kwezinto.
Umfanekiso 8 Amandla ashintsha ngemva kokuba ukukhanya kuhlangane nama-molecule
Ngama-30s wekhulu lama-20, usosayensi waseMelika uDkt. Beckman waqala ukwenza isiphakamiso sokukala ukumuncwa kwe-ultraviolet spectra kubude beza beza ngalinye ngokuhlukene ukuze kudwetshwe i-spectrum ephelele yokumuncwa, ngaleyo ndlela kwembulwe uhlobo nokuhlangana kwamakhemikhali esixazululo.Lo mzila wokukhanya wokumunca wokudlulisela uqukethe umthombo wokukhanya, i-spectrometer, nesampula.Iningi lokwakheka kwesixazululo samanje nokutholwa kokugxilisa ingqondo kusekelwe kulo mkhakha wokumuncwa kokudlulisela.Lapha, umthombo wokukhanya uhlukaniselwa kusampula bese iprism noma i-grating iskenwa ukuze kutholwe amaza obude obuhlukahlukene Fig. 9.
Fig.9 Isimiso Sokuthola I-Absorbance -
Ngama-40s wekhulu lama-20, kwasungulwa i-spectrometer yokuqala yokuthola okuqondile, futhi ngokokuqala ngqa, amashubhu e-photomultiplier PMTs kanye nemishini kagesi yathatha indawo yokubuka kwamehlo omuntu noma ifilimu yezithombe, engafunda ngokuqondile ukushuba kwe-spectral ngokumelene nobude beza Fig. 10. Ngakho-ke, i-spectrometer njengethuluzi lesayensi iye yathuthukiswa ngokuphawulekayo mayelana nokusebenziseka kalula, ukukalwa kobuningi, nokuzwela phakathi nenkathi yesikhathi.
Umfanekiso we-10 we-Photomultiplier tube
Maphakathi nasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe be-spectrometer kwakungenakuhlukaniswa nokuthuthukiswa kwezinto zokwakha kanye namadivayisi we-optoelectronic semiconductor.Ngo-1969, u-Willard Boyle no-George Smith be-Bell Labs basungula i-CCD (I-Charge-Coupled Device), eyabe yathuthukiswa futhi yathuthukiswa yaba izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-imaging ngu-Michael F. Topsett ngawo-1970.UWillard Boyle (kwesobunxele), uGeorge Smith uwine owawina uMklomelo KaNobel ngokusungulwa kweCCD (2009) ekhonjisiwe Fig. 11. Ngo-1980, uNobukazu Teranishi we-NEC eJapane wasungula i-photodiode engaguquki, eyathuthukisa kakhulu isilinganiso somsindo wesithombe futhi isixazululo.Kamuva, ngo-1995, u-Eric Fossum weNASA wasungula inzwa yesithombe ye-CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor), edla amandla aphindwe izikhathi eziyi-100 kunezinzwa zesithombe ze-CCD ezifanayo futhi inezindleko eziphansi kakhulu zokukhiqiza.
Umfanekiso we-11 u-Willard Boyle (kwesobunxele), u-George Smith kanye ne-CCD yabo (1974)
Ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwe-semiconductor optoelectronic chip processing kanye nobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza, ikakhulukazi ngokusetshenziswa kwe-CCD ehlukahlukene kanye ne-CMOS kuma-spectrometers Umfanekiso we-12, kuba nokwenzeka ukuthola uhla olugcwele lwe-spectra ngaphansi kokuchayeka okukodwa.Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ama-spectrometer athole ukusetshenziswa okubanzi ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza, okuhlanganisa kodwa kungagcini nje ngokutholwa/ukulinganisa umbala, ukuhlaziywa kwe-laser wavelength, kanye ne-fluorescence spectroscopy, ukuhlunga kwe-LED, okokusebenza kwezithombe nezinzwa zokukhanyisa, i-fluorescence spectroscopy, i-Raman spectroscopy, nokunye. .
Umfanekiso 12 Ama-chips ahlukahlukene e-CCD
Ekhulwini lama-21, ubuchwepheshe bokuklama nokukhiqiza kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zama-spectrometer buye bavuthwa kancane kancane futhi bazinza.Ngokukhula kwesidingo sama-spectrometers kuyo yonke imikhakha yempilo, ukuthuthukiswa kwama-spectrometer sekushesha kakhulu futhi kugxile embonini.Ngaphezu kwezinkomba ezijwayelekile zepharamitha ye-optical, izimboni ezihlukene zenze ngokwezifiso imfuneko yosayizi wevolumu, imisebenzi yesofthiwe, izindawo zokuxhumana, isivinini sokuphendula, ukuzinza, ngisho nezindleko zama-spectrometer, okwenza ukuthuthukiswa kwe-spectrometer kuhluke kakhulu.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Nov-28-2023